As Nature Intended
 
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Modern scientific research indicates that early childhood trauma, especially during the first two years of life when the brain is still rapidly developing, produces permanent adverse physical changes in brain development.

Although we know of no research specific to circumcision trauma causing brain damage, we include some of the related research that is applicable. Genital trauma cannot be different from trauma to other parts of the body in its potential to cause brain damage.

This page brings together articles that relate in some way to the risk of possible brain damage due to traumatic non-therapeutic circumcision. Articles are arranged in approximate chronological order of publication.

References:

  1. Anders T, Sachar E, Kream J et al. Behavioral state and plasma cortisol response in the human neonate. Pediatrics 1970; 46(4):532-537.
  2. Talbert LM, Kraybill EN, and Potter HM. Adrenal cortical response to circumcision in the neonate. Obstet Gynecol 1976;46(2):208-210.
  3. Richards MPM, Bernal, JF, Brackbill Y. Early behavioral differences: gender or circumcision? Dev Psychobiol 1976;9(1):89-95.
  4. Rawlings DJ, Miller PA, Engel RR. The effect of circumcision on transcutaneous PO2 in term infants.Am J Dis Child 1980 Jul;134(7):676-8.
  5. Gunnar MR, Fisch RO, Korsvik S, Donhowe JM. The effects of circumcision on serum cortisol and behavior. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1981; 6(3)269-275.
  6. Anand KJS, Hickey PR. Pain and its effects in the human neonate and fetus. New Engl J Med 1987; 317 (21):1321-1329.
  7. Jacobson B, Eklund G, Hamberger L, et al. Perinatal origin of adult self-destructive behavior. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1987 Oct;76(4):364-71
  8. American Psychiatric Association. 309.81 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. In: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. American Psychiatric Association, Washington 1994:424-429.
  9. Walco GA, Cassidy RC, Schechter NL. The ethics of pain control in infants and children. N Engl J Med 1994; 331 (8): 541-544.
  10. van der Kolk, B.A. The body keeps the score: Memory and the emerging psychobiology of post traumatic stress. Harvard Review of Psychiatry 1994; 1: 253-265.
  11. Daniel Goleman. Early violence leaves its mark on the brain. The New York Times, Tuesday, October 3, 1995: C1.
  12. Bower B. Exploring trauma's cerebral side. Science News 1996; 149:315
  13. Lloyd-Thomas AR. Fitzgerald M. Reflex responses do not necessarily signify pain. BMJ 1996;313:797-798.
  14. Taddio A, Katz J, Ilersich AL, et al. Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain response during subsequent routine vaccination. The Lancet 1997;349:599-603.
  15. Van Howe RS. Neonatal circumcision. Lancet 1997; 349:1257-1258.
  16. Fitzgerald M. The birth of pain. MRC News (London) Summer 1998:20-23.
  17. Jacobson B, Bygdeman M. Obstetric care and proneness of offspring to suicide. BMJ 1998; 317:1346-49.
  18. Stang HJ, Snellman LW. Circumcision practice patterns in the United States. Pediatrics 1998; 101: e5.
  19. Immerman RS, Mackey WC. A biocultural analysis of circumcision: a kinder gentler tumescence Social Biology 1998; 44:265-275.
  20. Immerman RS, Mackey WC. A proposed relationship between circumcision and neural reorganization. Journal of Genetic Psychology 1998; 159(3):367-378.
  21. Goldman R. The psychological impact of circumcision. BJU International 1999;83 Suppl. 1:93-103.
  22. Rhinehart J. Neonatal circumcision reconsidered. Transactional Analysis Journal 1999; 29(3):215-221.
  23. Anand KJ, Scalzo FM. Can adverse neonatal experiences alter brain development and subsequent behavior? Biol Neonate 2000 Feb;77(2):69-82.
  24. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Fetus and Newborn, Committee on Drugs, Section on Anesthesiology, Section on Surgery. Prevention and Management of Pain and Stress in the Neonate. Pediatrics 2000;105(2):454-461.
  25. Hill G. Kraemer's review contraindicates newborn male non-therapeutic circumcision. BMJ 2000 Rapid Responses. 22 December 2000.
  26. Teicher M. Cerebrum 2000;2:50-67.
  27. Georgia State University - published by ScienceDailyInfant Pain, Adult Repercussions: How Infant Pain Changes Sensitivity In Adults [NEW!]

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Comments

11/28/2009 14:54

Have you seen this one? http://drmomma.blogspot.com/2009/10/mri-studies-brain-permanently-altered.html

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12/12/2009 12:16

Yes I have, Dou-la-la! I love Peaceful Parenting Blog :)

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Karen Nurse
02/06/2011 09:07

I am looking for someone to do an expose' on a custom. I am a nurse in newborn nursery. The pain that sweet tiny baby boys go through during a circumcision horrifies me. It is surgery without anesthesia. It is 10 minutes of pure hell. The pain is so horrendous that many babies go into shock immediately. They just stare and make gurgly noises. They are the lucky ones. The others remain perfectly aware of the pain that goes on and on. Their piercing screams haunt me. In history, the earliest surgery was done without anesthesia. Just tie them down and do it quick. Some people were willing to have surgery once. But I've read that people refused to endure surgery a second time - even if it meant death. They knew how severe the pain was, and decided they would rather die than endure that pain a second time. How can intelligent, educated people not realize that a scalpel causes a horrendous, sharp, excruciating pain that no human being should ever have to endure. Tell me how a custom can be so strong that it overpowers intelligence and common sense. For example, the Chinese custom of "binding" young girls' feet. The toes were forced down under the foot [ breaking bones, I believe ] and tightly bound forever. So the feet couldn't grow. Forever small. Big feet were considered UGLY. No one would marry a girl with big feet. Can you imagine the pain? Americans are not under the influence of Chinese customs and from a distance, we are apalled! But in China, even after a law was passed against foot-binding, some parents would still do it - knowing that they were going to prison. That is how strong a custom can be. It can cloud judgement. The pain of circumcision wouldn't be quite as bad if the foreskin was fully developed at birth. But it is still adhered to the glans [ head of the penis ] and does not separate naturally for several years. Mother Nature may be slow, but it produces an exquisitely sensitive sexual organ. The first step of a circumcision is to rip the adhered foreskin off the glans using a metal probe. But the two skins are still fused as one. And patches of skin are ripped off the glans in the process. I see the glans of these tiny penises with skin missing and the tissue exposed every day. The pain is supposed to be comparable to having a metal probe forced under your fingernail and ripping it back and forth until the fingernail comes off. Imagine the pain! It is now recommended that a pain block be used. But it is not a law. So only a few babies get it. So why do we do it? Because it is what we are used to. A custom. Explain that to a baby that is enduring a pain that no human being should ever have to endure! There are many other reasons not to circumcise. It is removing the best skin of the penis. The foreskin contains approx. 20,000 specialized nerves that enhance sexual pleasure. The skin remaining is crude and has only a fraction of the sensation. The foreskin is NOT extra skin. It is there so that the penis can get longer during an erection. It is designed to unfold and stretch out, allowing the penis to grow. In the process, the foreskin is pulled off the glans. The glans is then uncovered and now the intact penis looks the same as a circumcised penis. They end up looking the same during an erection. But the intact penis is larger and has more sensation. Over the years, doctors have invented excuses for circumcision and the public latches onto them. These excuses are false and misleading. There is no reason good enough to inflict such sharp, excruciating pain on someone you love. To forever decrease his sexual pleasure. To amputate the best, most sensitive part of his penis. To violate his human rights. As I watch parents hug and kiss their new babies. Then insist that their babies endure a pain that is comparable to a fingernail being ripped off with a metal probe. And then a scalpel cuts - with no anesthesia. I want to scream, "Do you love your baby, or hate him?" There are many organizations that would help you with an expose'. They are easy to find on the internet. Please help! Babies are weak. This custom is strong.

Reply
Jib
02/10/2011 05:26

I've had an incredible amount of rage over being circumcized.

People invalidate this. I hardly ever bring it up anymore for this reason. I've equated it to female circumcision and then felt like I got the "eye roll."

So it happened when I was an infant. That means that genital mutilation isn't traumatic? That I just "forgot" it? What is wrong with people?

There's rage about losing a part of my body. And the most sensitive part at that -- I will never in my entire life get to experience those sensations. I lost a functional part of my body. People are up in arms about female genital mutilation yet they completely overlook male genital mutilation.

The rage about losing that part of my body, and knowing how dense of a nerve center it is, how it functions in sex, how I will never be able to experience that, is matched only by the rage at other people's invalidation and lightheartedness about this serious issue.

They think genital mutilation is just a harmless procedure. I have no idea how this can make any sense at all in anyone's mind. I then bring up my rage about this and it's completely written off as a non-issue. I have a friend who had trauma with his teeth and he said he'll never be able to get them back to how they were ever again. He's not circumcized. I brought up circumcision and just felt like he completely wrote it off, as if I couldn't relate to the trauma of having permanent damage done to my body.

There's no compassion. This makes healing from this feel impossible. There are people who lose arms and legs -- circumcision isn't the end of the world. But I have every right to be angry and to grieve that loss, and not be made fun of for doing so.

I'm sure this also has played a role in my extreme anxiety problems. I wouldn't be surprised if this caused brain damage. It isn't the only factor, obviously, but to say it can't play a role is just ignorant, and worse than that, completely writes off people's feelings.

Nothing can be done about what happened to me. I will never have an in-tact penis and there's nothing for me to do but accept that. I think that is deserving of rage and grief, and I also don't know how anyone can ever "get over" something like losing a body part, especially a sexual organ.

Something can be done about the compassion. People saying "people lose arms and legs" and so on and so on -- what good is this? What good does it do to compare people's suffering to make it sound like you're just being whiny, and writing off your feelings?

I've had a psychotic episode and major depression and extreme anxiety have been with me for almost my whole life so far. Other people in restricted nations have it a hell of a lot worse than I do. But how is invalidating my feelings, or feeling guilty about having my own pain, going to help me work through it?

Again: nothing can be done about circumcision when it's over, except the compassion for people like me who've had it done. It might be a joke to the majority of the population, which I think is sick, but we're human beings and there's nothing wrong with grieving a loss, especially one as serious as this.

How would an adult feel if they were held down in a hospital and had their foreskin cut off without anesthetics? There would be lawsuits flying left and right and talk about torture on the news.

Yet it happens to countless infants every day and no one bats an eye.

If people had compassion and understanding, it would help. Nothing can undo the damage, psychological or physical, but a lot can be done to work through it.

No one's getting anywhere by making fun of people who say they're deeply affected by having been circumcized -- like me. It's unthinkable that tradition and customs will blind people so much to the suffering of another human being.

So thank you for your compassion. A little bit goes such a long way. Just to hear that someone would believe me when I tell them how much this has hurt me makes it feel so much better.

People are suffering horribly all over the world in so many different ways. We shouldn't compare and contrast these ways but try to heal this all with compassion and understand each other to all be human beings.

Thanks again =)

Reply
Jib
02/10/2011 22:11

P.S. For anyone else who's been circumcised, reading accounts of adults who decided to have it done and were happy about their decision can be helpful.

It's interesting how much my feelings changed when I heard some opposing viewpoints of people who had chosen to be circumcised and thought it was the best decision they ever made.

There is no question in my mind that the physical pain in the procedure is traumatic. You mentioned a pain block -- I think that should be a law.

If I read about the trauma of having a circumcision in infancy, I'll be very upset. If I read about how people are so happy they had it done, I'll be very happy.

I don't know how to ethically research these things. But maybe it isn't a coincidence that people who were circumcised in infancy seem to get a lot more heated up about these things than people who chose to have it done.

Obviously I will want to be happy with what I have because there's nothing I can do about it. So for me, I'll leave it at the good comments, the people who were happy for having it done.

I don't think it's a stretch to say that circumcision can contribute to psychological problems. I think that the argument being about the benefits of 'cut' vs. 'uncut' completely misses the point.

Before this is figured out I would at the very least hope that a painless procedure for circumcision can become a law. It's very easy to just think about sex and the sex organ in a discussion like this, when in reality, we're human beings, not just one part of our anatomy, but our whole anatomy.

Teeth problems can contribute to heart disease. Genital mutilation can probably contribute to brain damage. Reading about how people like being circumcised makes me feel more secure about myself, and with arguments from both sides, I'd say the psychological trauma is the biggest concern.

Many circumcised men have sex and probably don't think anything of it. Same for uncircumsised men.

The density of nerves in the foreskin probably has a lot to do with how much the procedure without pain blocks can traumatize someone. Although I'm not sure if pain blocks would even get rid of that completely.

Maybe it's wrong to divide people, too. Circumcised, uncircumsised...to think about it as a human rights issue is the key. Opinions on the genitals themselves pre or post operation will always vary. If this is proven to cause brain damage we'll have another case on our hands -- a much clearer one.

I don't know any ethical way to research this. But I would think it'd make perfect sense that it would cause brain damage.

The root of all problems? No. No single thing is. A contributor? Sure could be. I also think having to go through such a horror would basically be the definition of a traumatic episode qualifying for PTSD diagnosis. It may sound ridiculous but it makes a lot of sense to me. Pain blocks should be mandatory, but I don't know what those could do physically to infants either.

It's a crazy world.

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